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Photo by Todd Korol/National Post |
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Over the 2006- 2007 we have had several opportunities for media coverage. Newspapers have done stories and several radio show interviews have been done as well. The following are National Post, Calgary Sun a couple times and for the radio it has been AM 640 Toronto Radio, JACK FM Matt and Eric morning show, CTV National a couple times. The Calgary Space Workers thank them for their interest
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Anorthite By Micheal Bakk
From the Apollo 11 samples only 2% was anorthite however, from Apollo 16 almost all the rocks were anorthite. It was concluded that highlands of the Moons crust consist of rocks that include high quantities of plagioclase feldspars known as anorthite. There are also rocks rich in anorthite that have names like gabbroic-anorthosite, noritic-anorthosite, or troctolite-anorthositic. Plagioclase is the main component and is thus the highest in quantity
Plagioclase is within the feldspar family. Rather than referring to a particular mineral with a specific chemical composition, plagioclase is often referred to as a part of a (from the Greek "oblique fracture") plagioclase feldspar series. The ranges are from albite to anorthite (with respective compositions NaAlSi3O8 to CaAl2Si2O8), where sodium and calcium atoms can substitute for each other.
Within the range it can be seen ( NaAlSi3O8 to CaAl2Si2O8 ) that the aluminum silicate is common. Aluminum on the Moon can be used for many applications but to name a few, in frames of buildings, with the high strength for lunar gravity it can be used to support heavyer loads and with no oxygen on the moon it can be polished to a mirror shine for reflecting light and stay unoxidized (clean and maintain its shine)for longer periods.
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Gabbroic-anorthosite 60-90% plagioclase, the rest is mostly clinopyroxene Clinopyroxene is a form of pyroxene and typically contains some calcium. It is mostly found to be common in mare basalts [Ca(Mg,Fe)Si2O6]. Examples of clinopyroxene appear as crystal or glass. Two types are found on the lunar surface,olive-green olivine and black to dark-green clinopyroxene that occurres in lava. As mentioned below by Lori Walton, all the needed minerals for gem-stones are on the moon. By process gems can be made but the presents of clinopyroxene could also have caused gemstones to be formed naturally in the regolith. Gemstones can be used to cut glass and stone on the Moon surface to allow better building strategies.
From EXPLORATION CRITERIA FOR Coloured Gemstone Deposits in the Yukon by Lori Walton http://www.geology.gov.yk.ca/publications/openfile/2004/of2004_10.pdf HEAVY MINERALS ASSOCIATED WITH RUBY OR SAPPHIRE A characteristic set of heavy minerals is associated with alluvial ruby and sapphire deposits derived from alkali basalt. The most common minerals are listed below: • Black spinel: may be partly corroded • Black clinopyroxene • Zircon: brown to pale reddish and orange-brown • Garnet: mainly pyrope, pale to dark reddish brown • Ilmenite • Magnetite • Olivine Less common: phlogopite, sanidine
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Lunar Anorthosite compliments of Wikipedia |
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Noritic anorthosite 60 to 90% plagioclase and the rest of it is orthopyroxene. Orthopyroxene with the chemical formula of (Mg,Fe)2 SiO3 it is a form of pyroxene. It comes in two types enstatite and ferrosilite. The chemical enstatite contains 40.0% MgO and 60.0% SiO2. The chemical ferrosilite (very rare on earth but common on the moon) contains 40.0% FeO and 60.0% SiO2. These can be electrolyzed (by electrolysis) to produce soft iron, cast iron and steel as well as ceramic blocks of a refractory (high heat resistant) quality.
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Troctolite-anorthositic 60-90% plagioclase, the rest mostly olivine Olivine has magnesium iron silicate with the formula (Mg,Fe)2SiO4. It is one of the most common minerals on Earth. Magnesium-rich olivine has a high melting point and is used in the manufacture of refractory material. Olivine typically has an olive-green color this is a result of traces of nickel. This is a valuable resource on the moon so as to make lithium-ion batteries to store electrical power. Below is a breakdown on the development of phosphates that are important to use as a cathode for lithium-ion. batteries.
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Olivine compliments of www.webmineral.com |
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From Nano-network electronic conduction in iron and nickel olivine phosphates. PS Herle, B Ellis, N Coombs, LF Nazar University of Waterloo, Department of Chemistry, 200 University Ave. West, Waterloo Ontario Canada N2L 3G1. http://www.nano-biology.net/showabstract.php?pmid=14991015 The provision of efficient electron and ion transport is a critical issue in an exciting new group of materials based on lithium metal phosphates that are important as cathodes for lithium-ion batteries. Much interest centres on olivine-type LiFePO(4), the most prominent member of this family. Whereas the one-dimensional lithium-ion mobility in this framework is high, the electronically insulating phosphate groups that benefit the voltage also isolate the redox centres within the lattice. The pristine compound is a very poor conductor (sigma approximately 10(-9) S cm(-1)), thus limiting its electrochemical response. One approach to overcome this is to include conductive phases, increasing its capacity to near-theoretical values. There have also been attempts to alter the inherent conductivity of the lattice by doping it with a supervalent ion. Compositions were reported to be black p-type semiconductors with conductivities of approximately 10(-2) S cm(-1) arising from minority Fe(3+) hole carriers. Our results for doped (and undoped) LiMPO(4) (M = Fe, Ni) show that a percolating nano-network of metal-rich phosphides are responsible for the enhanced conductivity. We believe our demonstration of non-carbonaceous-network grain-boundary conduction to be the first in these materials, and that it holds promise for other insulating phosphates.
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Anorthite compliments of www.galleries.com |
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Summary
Anorthite is one of the main materials that have been found on the Moon. Anorthite is a white, plagioclase feldspar. It is this kind of rock that gives the highlands on the Moon their pale color. A rock brought back by Apollo 16 is a piece of Anorthosite (90% anorthite) from the Cayley plains in the highlands of the Moon. The rock was mostly made of anorthite, while having dark specks that are a mineral known as pyroxene.
We know that aluminum silicate is common and can be used for reflective dishes to divert and concentrate heat and light. We should be able to create saws and cutting equipment to cut stone and glass for increased construction strategies. We know now that we can produce soft iron, cast iron and steel as well as ceramic blocks of a refractory quality. We can consider the development of phosphates that are important to use as a cathode for lithium-ion batteries. It is concluded that the Moons crust consists of valuable building materials in the form of high quantities of anorthite.
Acknowledgments Adler planetarium Permanent University of Waterloo, Department of Chemistry Artemis Project Moon Society Canadian Space Society
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Past Meeting Links
Moon Miners Manifesto
"M" IS FOR "MOLE"
Yes, lunar habitats and facilities will be covered by some 2-4 meters (6-13 feet) of lunar soil or "regolith."
http://www.lunar-reclamation.org/mmm_1.htm
An underground facility built Photo
http://www.lunar-reclamation.org/terraluxe.JPG
Moon Miners Manifesto free sample issues
http://www.lunar-reclamation.org/mmm_samples/index.htm
Websites that we will discussed in past meetings
MoonROx Challenge to advance the state-of-the-art in oxygen production from lunar regolith
http://www.fsri.org/space_research_Moon_ROx.htm
From the World Energy Council
LUNAR SOLAR POWER SYSTEM FOR ENERGY PROSPERITY WITHIN THE 21ST CENTURY
http://www.worldenergy.org/wec-geis/publications/default/tech_papers/17th_congress/4_1_33.asp
New-generation lunar projects, including rover to extract breathable oxygen from moon dust.
http://www.dispatch.com/science/science.php?story=dispatch/2006/02/21/20060221-D4-01.html
Biosphere 2 in Southern Arizona was an experiment that didn’t pan out but was used as a potential Mars simulation habitat the people lived in for two years before the problems started.
http://www.bio2.com/index.htm
http://www.biospheres.com/experimentchrono1.html
From NASA Lunar Regolith Simulant Materials (moon dust and rock)
Workshop Book of abstracts (50 pages) and a final report from January, 2005
http://est.msfc.nasa.gov/workshops/lrsm2005.html
How does a heat pump work?
http://home.howstuffworks.com/question49.htm
How Solar Cells Work
http://science.howstuffworks.com/solar-cell.htm
Silicon in Solar Cells
http://science.howstuffworks.com/solar-cell3.htm
How many solar cells would I need in order to provide all of the electricity that my house needs?
http://science.howstuffworks.com/question418.htm
Boeing's RoleAs the prime contractor to design, development, construction and integration of the ISS
http://www.boeing.com/defense-space/space/spacestation/
DYSON'S ANIMATED MOON MAP
Fly the lunar lander using your cursor. A click brings up a text box with data
http://www.mariannedyson.com/moon.htm
Hosts For Quarter Century Wireless Association National Convention 2006
(September 28 - 30, 2006)
http://www.obsd.com/qcwa-chapter151
How Satellites Work
http://electronics.howstuffworks.com/satellite.htm
How the Radio Spectrum Works
http://electronics.howstuffworks.com/radio-spectrum1.htm
-----------------------------------------Wetlands Biosphere Project-------------
Plant Life Support Experimentation Suggestions
http://www.asi.org/adb/04/03/05/experiment-suggestions.html
Plants and Food for a Permanent Moonbase
http://www.asi.org/adb/04/03/05/food.html
------------------------------------Another Tourist goes to space-----------------
American technology entrepreneur Greg Olsen launched to the International Space Station (ISS)
www.spaceadventures.com/orbit
Greg Olsen, Ph.D. landed after a 10-day mission to the International Space Station (ISS).
http://www.spaceadventures.com/media/releases/2005-10/289
-----------------------------------Space Habitats--------------------------
Genesis I spacecraft currently in orbit
Bigelow Aerospace Genesis-1 has taken the deflated NASA idea and puffed new life into the use of what Bigelow Aerospace refers to as an ‘expandable’ space-base
http://www.bigelowaerospace.com/multiverse/news.php
Genesis-1: Reaching Escape Velocity From Red Tape
The general concept for "inflatable" space habitats was initially developed by NASA for use in a proposed mission to Mars
http://www.space.com/businesstechnology/o60726_itar_genesis-1.html
ISS Habitation Module
Scroll down to the trans-hab module, for extra crew quarters. How Stuff Works.
http://science.howstuffworks.com/space-station12.htm
How Space Stations Work Generally
http://science.howstuffworks.com/space-station4.htm
INTERNATIONAL SPACE STATION INFORMATION PAGE
http://www.ag-99.de/spacenet/main/main.html
Dicovery Channel INTERNATIONAL SPACE STATION ISS website
http://school.discovery.com/schooladventures/spacestation/
HowStuffWorks
How Inflatable Spacecraft Will Work
http://science.howstuffworks.com/inflatable-spacecraft2.htm
Space Vehicles Directorate
With an eye to the future, the Space Vehicles Directorate has played a significant role in the genesis of new space architectures in the past, and continues to expand its role in the development of technology to redefine mankind's usage of space.
http://www.vs.afrl.af.mil/productlines/spacecraftcomponent.aspx
Study on Inflatable Lunar Habitats
William Mook has prepared a number of studies on space development, some of which relate directly to the Artemis Project's goals.This concept of an inflatable habitat could be a possibility for expanding the pressurized space of Moonbase Artemis for increased crew, or for lunar tourism. He has posted the following brief summary of his study:
http://www.asi.org/adb/02/06/inflatables-study-1.html
Orbital Space Habitats, sited at Lagrange points and capable of holdings thousands of people, can be built cheaply and effectively only with lunar resources.
http://www.asi.org/adb/02/06/index.html
A great example of a space station will be an undersea hotel
http://www.poseidonresorts.com/
Space Race 2: Inflatables Take Shape
http://www.spacedaily.com/news/xprize-04zt.html
Progress Made on Inflatable Private Space Module
http://www.space.com/missionlaunches/050308_bigelow_update.html
--------------------------------------------Power Plants For Space---------------------
How Stuff Works. Life Support
Atmosphere Control, Supply and Recycling
Astronauts on board the ISS need to have the following:
* Atmosphere similar to Earth's
* Carbon dioxide that they exhale removed
* Contaminating or trace gases removed
* Normal humid environment
http://science.howstuffworks.com/space-station4.htm
The Gas Turbine – Modular Helium Reactor: A Promising Option for Near Term Deployment
( PDF )
http://gt-mhr.ga.com/images/ANS.pdf
THE SIMPLICITY OF THE GAS TURBINE AND THE HELIUM REACTOR PROVIDE THE NEXT GREAT STEP IN NUCLEAR POWER
http://gt-mhr.ga.com/1simpl.html
Pebble bed reactor using helium
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pebble_bed_reactor
Moon gas could meet earth's future energy demands
http://www.spacedaily.com/2004/041126084122.6pp9f0wx.html
Probable Discovery Of A New, Supersolid, Phase Of Matter
http://www.spacedaily.com/news/materials-04zzi.html
---------------------------------------Green houses in space-----------------
HMP Research Station Arthur Clarke Mars Greenhouse Photo Report - July 23, 2005
http://www.marsonearth.org/multimedia/07.23.05.hmp.rs.photo.report.html
When humans go to the moon or Mars, they'll probably take plants with them. http://science.nasa.gov/headlines/y2004/25feb_greenhouses.htm
-----------------------------------------Communications in Space----------------------------
International Space Station Reference Ham Radio http://spaceflight.nasa.gov/station/reference/radio/
How to Pick the Right Antenna
http://www.odessaoffice.com/wireless/antenna/how_to_pick_the_right_antenna.htm
Make 2.4GHz parabolic mesh dishes from cheap but sturdy USB WiFi adaptor
http://www.usbwifi.orcon.net.nz/
What does Moonbounce sound likeSelect a Soundfile from the List and click on the 'Play' Link to listen By Morse-code and by voice
http://www.hb9bbd.ch/soundfile.php3
How Space Stations Work Communications and Tracking
http://science.howstuffworks.com/space-station6.htm
Calgary Amateur Radio Association---On Earth Moon Earth ham radio communication
http://www.cara.ampr.org/
How Ham Radio Works
http://electronics.howstuffworks.com/ham-radio3.htm
------------------------------------------Building Materials-----------------------------
WHAT IS A COMPOSITE
http://www.compositesatlantic.com/what_comp/vol1_2/vol1_2.html
"designer material"derived from plastic could help protect astronauts on their way to Mars http://science.nasa.gov/headlines/y2005/25aug_plasticspaceships.htm
Plastic Spaceships By NASA
Science news from NASA Aug 25/05 on Plastic Spaceships
Space Radiation Shielding
http://radiationshielding.nasa.gov
-------------------------------------------Breathing in Space---------------------------
Clearing the Air: Smaller Detectors Needed for Moon, Mars Missions
http://www.space.com/businesstechnology/technology/050608_airmonitor_techwed.html
Space Station Crew to Ignite First Oxygen-Generating Candles
http://www.space.com/missionlaunches/050520_exp11_oxygen.html
------------------------------------------Water in Space-------------------------------
www.MoonDaily.com
Finding Water Critical To Life On Moon
http://www.spacedaily.com/news/lunar-04zzo.html
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Calgary Space Workers Society
7420 Farrell Rd. S.E.
Calgary, Alberta, Canada, Planet Earth T2H-0T6
Phone (403) 259-6809
www.calgaryspaceworkers.com
E-mail: captain@calgaryspaceworkers.com
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